Struggle session in america3/25/2023 ![]() 33– 117 Google Scholar Harding, Harry, “Maoist theories of policy-making and organization,” in Robinson, Thomas (ed.), The Cultural Revolution in China ( Berkeley Calif.: University of California Press, 1971) Google Scholar and Harding,, “The organizational issue in Chinese politics, 1957–1972” ( Stanford, Calif.: unpublished Ph.D. Utopia in communist policy,” in Johnson, Chalmers (ed.), Change in Communist Systems ( Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1970), pp. 149–63 CrossRef Google Scholar Lowenthal, Richard, “Development vs. ![]() Attempts to develop a synthesis with western social science are found in Whyte, Martin King, “ Bureaucracy and modernization in China: the Maoist critique,” American Sociological Review, Vol. Much more subtle is Illiez, Pierre, Chine Rouge, Page Blanche ( Paris: Julliard, 1973) Google Scholar. The most faithful adoption of the Chinese model is found in Hoffman, Rainer, Entmaoisierung in China: Zur Vorgeschichte der Kulturrevolution ( Munich: Weltforum Verlag, 1974) Google Scholar, and Machetzki, Rüdiger, “Chronologie des innerparteilichen Linienkampfs in der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas, 1949–1965,” Mitteilungen des Instituts fuer Asienkunde, No. The time has come to re-evaluate the conception of a two-line struggle in retrospect and to try to determine just what it means and how it functions.Ģ0. Initially greeted with scepticism among western journalists and academic circles, some variant of the “two lines” paradigm has made increasing inroads into our attempts to understand the origins of the Cultural Revolution. Allegations concerning this struggle were supported by a wealth of documentary evidence, culled from hitherto confidential Party and government files. This struggle allegedly represented a deep underlying ideological cleavage within the leadership that had repercussions on every aspect of Chinese life: foreign policy, strategies of economic development, techniques of leadership and administration, pay scales and living standards, delivery patterns for education, medicine, and other services even scientific method. ![]() This struggle was characterized as a “struggle between two lines”: a “proletarian revolutionary line,” led by Mao Tse-tung, and a “bourgeois reactionary line,” led by Liu Shao-ch'i and Teng Hsiaop'ing. The dominant pre-1966 image of a consensual solidarity disturbed only rarely by purges, also handled in an orderly way by a consensus excluding only its victims, was challenged by a sudden multitude of polemical claims to the effect that a struggle for power and principle had been raging behind the scenes for decades. ![]() The extent to which the Cultural Revolution has transformed the world-view of the Chinese masses remains among the psycho-cultural imponderables, but clearly it has revolutionized the western view of Chinese politics. ![]()
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